OBTAINING A FINE-GRAINED STRUCTURE OF CASTINGS FROM NICKEL SUPERALLOYS USING A COBALT ALUMINATE MODIFIER

Cobalt aluminate is widely used in industry for equiaxially casting gas turbine engine blades from superalloys. Its purpose is to obtain a regulated fine-grained microstructure of castings due to surface modification in shell form. The technology of manufacturing molds using cobalt aluminate based on domestic raw materials is considered. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using cobalt oxide of domestic manufacturers in the manufacture of a modifier – cobalt aluminate.

Keywords: blades of gas turbine engines, cobalt aluminate, surface modification, suspension, ceramic molds

Reference List

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-15-29

UDC: 669.725

G.S. Sevalnev¹

BERYLLIUM-CONTAINING STEELS – PERSPECTIVE MATERIAL WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

A review on the use of beryllium as an alloying element in precipitation hardening alloys has been carried out. When introduced into steel, beryllium has a positive effect on the level of physical and mechanical properties: in combination with other alloying elements, it leads to an increase in hardness, strength, wear resistance and scale resistance. Beryllium is most widely used in industry as an alloying element for precipitation hardening steels and diffusion saturation of the surface of iron-based alloys.

Keywords: beryllium, alloying element, alloy, steel, aluminum, nickel, copper

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-30-41

UDC: 621.763

A.B. Echin¹, Yu.A. Bondarenko¹, M.Yu. Kolodyazhny¹, V.A. Surova¹

REVIEW OF PERSPECTIVE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERALLOYS BASED ON REFRACTORY NON-METALLIC MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES

The requirements for improving the characteristics of aviation gas turbine engines are accompanied by an increase in the operating temperatures of the gas in the turbine, which causes the search for new high-temperature materials, including those based on metal matrices capable of operating at temperatures of 1200 С and above. A review of domestic and foreign studies confirms that with the use of new heat-resistant matrices based on NiAl–Ni3Al, Co–Cr–Re, Pt–Al, Nb–Si–Ti, Mo–Si–B systems, prospects are opening up in the creation of new high-temperature superalloys for use in aircraft engine building.

Keywords: superalloys, refractory matrices, hardening phases, microstructure, gas turbine engines

Reference List

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-42-61

UDC: 669.017.165

N.A. Nochovnaya¹, V.I. Ivanov¹, E.B. Alekseyev¹, R.S. Islamov¹

INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND Ti2AlNb – PROMISING MATERIAL FOR AVIATION AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Part 1. Crystal structure and phase transformations

Intermetallic Ti2AlNb alloys of a new generation are promising materials for parts of aviation and space technology operating at temperatures up to 700 °C. Phase diagrams of alloys were used in the work, crystal structures of phases, phase transformations, thermophysical and mechanical properties were determined. It has been established that the microstructure of the alloys depends on the modes of thermomechanical and heat treatments, which create microstructures with different morphology of the precipitated phases. An analysis of phase transformations showed the conditions for obtaining equal, lamellar, and duplex microstructures.

Keywords: Ti2AlNb intermetallic compound, phase diagrams, crystal structures, thermophysical and mechanical properties, phase transformations, microstructures

Reference List

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-62-77

UDC: 669.715

M.S. Oglodkov¹, V.A. Romanenko¹, I. Benarieb¹, A.S. Rudchenko¹, M.V. Grigoryev¹

STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS FROM ADVANCED ALUMINUM-LITHIUM ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS

In this work results of study of structure and mechanical properties of industrial semiproducts of Al–Li alloys are presented: high-resource alloy 1441, medium-strength alloy 1424 with reduced density and high-strength alloy V-1469. A comparative analysis of their properties with conventional aluminum alloys (1163, 1933, В95o.ch.) is provided. The advantage of weight savings is shown in case of application of proposed materials. The Al–Li alloys can be recommended for testing in elements of construction fuselage of new airplanes.

Keywords: aluminum-lithium alloys, alloy 1424, alloy 1441, alloy V-1469, strength-to-density ratio, weight efficiency, computer modelling, thermal treatment

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-78-89

UDC: 678.8

S.V. Smirnov¹, M.V. Myasnikova¹

ADAPTATION OF ELASTIC-VISCOPLASTIC MODEL FOR DESCRIPTION OF RHEOLOGY OF POLYMER COATING MATERIAL DURING INDENTATION

A technique for determining the empirical coefficients of the model of a thin polymer coating material is proposed according to the results of testing for indentation with holding at a constant load under creep conditions and numerical simulation of the experimental conditions. The coating material has been obtained based on commercial ED-20 epoxy resin with a polyethylenepolyamine hardener. The rheology of the coating material is described by a combined model of an isotropic elastic-viscoplastic medium. The procedure for determining the coefficients is performed by comparing the experimental and calculated data obtained under imposed loading conditions.

Keywords: polimer coating, creep, indentation, finite element method, elastic-viscoplastic model

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-90-100

UDC: 669.715

V.V. Antipov¹, A.V. Somov¹, V.V. Sidelnikov¹, Yu.N. Nefedova¹, P.S. Ogurtsov², V.A. Soloviev²

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SHAPING FIRE-RESISTANT LIGHT LAMINATED MATERIAL FOR HELICOPTER ENGINE HOOD MANUFACTURING

Discusses the main features of the process of forming a prototype of a helicopter engine hood from a light fire-resistant laminated material. The results of modeling are given and the temperature-time parameters of this process are determined. The results of studies of the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of a prototype of a helicopter engine hood made of light fire-resistant laminated material are generalized. The possibility of obtaining high accuracy of geometry of elements of complex shape while ensuring uniformity of characteristics over the entire area of the part is shown.

Keywords: SIAL, fire resistance, aluminum-fiberglass, GLARE, shaping, deformation

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3. Solyaev Y., Lurie S., Prokudin O., Antipov V., Rabinskiy L., Serebrennikova N., Dobryanskiy V. Elasto-plastic behavior and failure of thick GLARE laminates under bending loading. Composites. Part B: Engineering, 2020, vol. 200. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108302.
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8. Podzhivotov N.Yu., Kablov E.N., Antipov V.V., Erasov V.S., Serebrennikova N.Yu., Abdullin M.R., Limonin M.V. Layered metal-polymer materials in the structural elements of aircraft. Perspektivnye materialy, 2016, no. 10, pp. 5–19.
9. Lavrov A.V., Erasov V.S., Podzhivotov N.Yu., Avtaev V.V. Optimization of structure of hybrid composition materials for aircraft. Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 11 (47), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 11, 2021). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-11-7-7.
10. Pekarsh A.I., Oleinikov A.I., Bakaev V.V., Sarykov S.E., Dolgopolik O.D. Preparing for the production of complex parts with double-sign alternating curvature by the method of finite element analysis of a geometric model with the integrated development of shaping equipment, part development and recommendations for the technological process. SAPR i grafika, 2009, no. 2, pp. 88–96.
11. Antipov V.V., Kotova E.V., Serebrennikova N.Yu., Petrova A.P. Glue binders and glue prepregs for alumopolymeric composite materials. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 5 (65), paper no. 06. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 10, 2021). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-5-44-54.
12. Shchetinina N.D., Rudchenko A.S., Selivanov A.A. The approaches that are used for developed of optimal strain modes of aluminum-lithium alloys (review). Trudy VIAM, 2020, no. 8 (90), paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 21, 2021). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-8-20-34.
13. Kablov E.N., Antipov V.V., Oglodkova Yu.S., Oglodkov M.S. Experience in the use of aluminum-lithium alloys in products of aviation and space technology. Metallurg, 2021, no. 1, pp. 62–70.
14. Antipov V.V., Serebrennikova N.Yu., Nefedova Yu.N., Kozlova O.Yu., Panteleev M.D., Osipov N.N., Klychеv A.V. Manufacturing capability of Al–Li 1441 alloy details. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 10 (70), paper no. 03 Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 21, 2021). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046- 2018-0-10-17-26.
15. Grigorev M.V., Oglodkov M.S. Influence of machining on mechanical and fatigue properties of sheets from aluminum-lithium alloys 1441 and V-1481. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 4 (64), paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 02, 2021). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-4-20-27.
16. Antipov V.V., Somov A.V., Sidelnikov V.V., Nefedova Yu.N., Ogurtsov P.S., Solovyov V.A. Development and research of fire-resistant aluminum-fiberglass for a helicopter engine hood. Deformatsiya i razrusheniye materialov, 2022, no. 5, pp. 19–25.

Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-101-113

UDC: 621.763

A.I. Sidorina¹

WOVEN METAL-CARBON REINFORCING FILLERS FOR PCM

Promising directions for improving technologies for obtaining reinforcing fillers for functional carbon fiber plastic are shown. The main applications of composite electrically conductive materials and metal plastics are presented. Information about the range of hybrid fabrics produced by the world’s leading manufacturer is given. The features of the development of technology for the manufacture of metal-carbon fabric are considered: carrying out technical calculations and building a filling pattern. The results of determining the properties of the fabric obtained according to the established filling parameters and technological modes of manufacture are presented.

Keywords: carbon fibers, carbon fabrics, metal-carbon fabrics, hybrid fabrics, reinforcing fillers, polymer composite materials, carbon plastics, metal plastics, hybrid carbon plastics, functional materials, shielding materials, lightning strike protection

Reference List

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Full version

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-114-124

UDC: 678.8

P.G. Belinis¹, Yu.V. Lukyanenko¹, V.N. Rogozhnikov¹, R.G. Tsykun¹, K.I. Donetskiy²

DESIGN RESEARCH ON A CONSTRUCTURAL MULTILAYER WOVEN PREFORM OF AN INTEGRAL PANEL FRAGMENT FOR AIRCRAFT

This article is dedicated to the design and study of the reinforcement structure of the constructional multilayer woven preform of an integral panel fragment for the aircraft fuselage made on an engineered 3D-loom KT6250. It analyses orthogonal interlacing and also considers the merits and demerits of the preform manufacturing process and its subsequent impregnation.

Keywords: polymer composite materials, bulk-reinforced textile preforms, 3D-weaving, reinforcing scheme, integral structures, without the autoclave manufacturing, polymeric matrix

Reference List

1. Kablov E.N. Materials of a new generation and digital technologies for their processing. Vestnik Rossiyskoy akademii nauk, 2020, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 331–334.
2. Kablov E.N. The role of fundamental research in the creation of new generation materials. Report XXI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry: in 6 vols. St. Petersburg, 2019, vol. 4, p. 24.
3. Timoshkov P.N., Kogan D.I. Modern production technologies of polymeric composite materials of new generation. Trudy VIAM, 2013, no. 4, paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 27, 2022).
4. Donetskij K.I., Hrulkov A.V., Kogan D.I., Belinis P.G., Lukyanenko Yu.V. Use of three-dimensional reinforcing preforms during the production of polymer composite products. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2013, no. 1, pp. 35–39.
5. Potluri P., Sharif T., Jetavat D., Aktas A., Choudhry R., Hogg P. Bench-marking of 3D Preforming Strategies. University of Manchester, 2012, pp. 1–10.
6. Mohamed M.H., Bogdanovich А.Е. Comparetive analysis of different 3D weaving processes, machines and products. ICCM 17: 3D Textiles & Composites: Report theses. Edinburgh, 2009, рр. 1–10.
7. Timoshkov P.N., Goncharov V.A., Usacheva M.N., Khrulkov A.V. Features of technology and polymer composite materials for the manufacture of wings of advanced aircraft (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 1 (107), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-1-66-75.
8. Yakovlev N.O., Gulyaev A.I., Lashov O.A. Crack firmness of layered polymeric composite materials (review). Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 4, paper no. 12. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022) DOI: 10.185772307-6046-2016-0-4-12-12.
9. Fishpool D.T., Rezai A., Baker D. et al. Interlaminar toughness characterisation of 3D woven carbon fibre composites. Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 2013, no. 42, pp. 108–114. DOI: 10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000036.
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11. Gunyaeva A.G. Carbon nanocomposites resistant to electric discharge imitating a lightning current pulse: thesis, Cand. Sc. (Tech.). Moscow: VIAM, 2017, 162 p.
12. Composition of and method for making high performance resins for infusion and transfer molding processes: pat. 6359107 US; appl. 18.05.00; publ. 19.03.02.
13. Evdokimov A.A., Gulyaev I.N., Zelenina I.V. Investigation of the physicomechanical properties and microstructure of volume-reinforced carbon fiber reinforced plastic. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 4 (76), paper no. 05. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-4-38-47.
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15. Donetskiy K.I., Usacheva M.N., Khrulkov A.V. Infusion methods for the manufacture of polymer composite materials (review). Part 1. Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 6 (112), paper no. 06. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022). DOI: 10118577/2307-6046-2022-0-6-58-67.
16. Dushin M.I., Donetski K.I., Karavaev R.Y., Korotkov I.A. Some features of liquid formation of polymeric composite materials (review). Trudy VIAM, 2017, no. 2 (50), paper no. 08. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 26, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2017-0-2-8-8.
17. Kudryavtseva A.N., Tkachuk A.I., Grigorieva K.N., Gurevich Ya.M. The use of epoxy resin system VSE-30, processed by the infusion technology, for the manufacture of low and medium loaded structural polymer composite materials. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 1 (73), paper no. 04. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: August 25, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-1-31-39.
18. Tkachuk A.I., Donetsky K.I., Terekhov I.V., Karavaev R.Yu. The use of thermosetting matrices for the manufacture of polymer composite materials by the non-autoclave molding methods. Aviation materials and technology, 2021. no. 1 (62), paper no. 03. Available at: https://journal.viam.ru (accessed: September 01, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2021-0-1-22-33.
19. Fisher H., Poulaert B., Magerman J.-L. et al. Composite ring made of 3D woven preform injected by RTM: from design to full scale testing. SAMPE Conference Proceedings. Long Beach, CA: Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, 2016, pp. 1–10.
20. Pankow M., Waas A.M., Yen C.F., Ghiorse S. Resistance to delamination of 3D woven textile composites evaluated using End Notch Flexure (ENF) tests: Cohesive zone based computational results. Composites. Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2011, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 1863–1872.
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Full version

10.

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-125-133

UDC: 628.517.699.844

V.A. Sagomonova¹, V.V. Tselikin¹

VIBRATION DAMPING MATERIAL WITH PERFORATED CONSTRAINING LAYER

This article deals with the experimental samples of constrained layer damping (CLD) materials of various composition, which have been an example for demonstration the dependence of properties and choice of processing parameters on perforation of vibration damping and constraining layers. The analysis of influence of composition and structure (layer’s thickness, perforation degree, area of perforating holes) of the experimental samples on their properties has been made. It has been determined that increasing of perforation degree leads to interlayer adhesion degradation. Meanwhile the trough perforation of constraining and vibration damping layers has a positive effect on vibration damping characteristics of the material.

Keywords: constrained layer damping material, free layer damping material, perforation, vibration damping layer, constraining layer, pressing, dynamic mechanical analysis, mechanical loss factor, surface density, interlayer adhesion

Reference List

1. Kablov E.N. The role of fundamental research in the creation of new generation materials. Report XXI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry: in 6 vols. St. Petersburg, 2019, vol. 4, p. 24.
2. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Influence of internal stresses on the aging of polymer composite materials. Review. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2021, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 805–822.
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4. Kolokoltseva T.V., Popov Yu.O., Usacheva M.N., Gromova A.A. Prepregs and fiberglass based on VSR-3М binder and fiberglass fabrics for use in helicopter blades. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 3 (109), paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: May 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-3-27-34.
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7. Kablov E.N., Kondrashov S.V., Melnikov A.A., Schur P.A. Application of functional and adaptive materials obtained by 3D printing (review). Trudy VIAM, 2022, no. 2 (108), paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: May 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2022-0-2-32-51.
8. Alekseev S.A., Syatkovsky A.I. Vibro-damping properties of polymer films. Sudostroyenie, 2015, no. 6, pp. 45–48.
9. Skuratova T.B., Kirillov S.E., Syatkovsky A.I. Dissipative properties of polymer films and composite materials based on polyvinyl acetate. Zhurnal prikladnoy khimii, 2019, vol. 92, is. 7, pp. 881–887.
10. Syatkovsky A.I., Skuratova T.B., Trofimov D.N., Mazur A.S. Influence of parameters of composite materials based on polyvinyl acetate on their dissipative properties. Zhurnal prikladnoy khimii, 2020, vol. 93, is. 4, pp. 575–580.
11. Sagomonova V.A., Dolgopolov S.S., Tselikin V.V., Sorokin A.E. Investigation of the effect of an integrated vibration-absorbing layer on the properties of composite three-layer soundproofing sandwich panels. Trudy VIAM, 2020, no. 9 (91), paper no. 10. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: May 05, 2022). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2020-0-9-87-95.
12. Sagomonova V.A., Sorokin A.E., Tyumeneva T.Yu., Petrova A.P., Isaev A.Yu. The use of adhesives in the composition of vibration-absorbing materials. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii, 2021, no. 12, pp. 27–33.
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15. Layered vibration-damped panel of the driver's cab and/or passenger compartment of the vehicle body: pat. 2449904 Rus. Federation; appl. 27.08.10; publ. 10.05.12.
16. Sagomonova V.A. Laminated vibration-absorbing materials based on thermoplastic elastomers and organic fibers and technology for their manufacture: thesis, Cand. Sc. (Tech.). Moscow: NRC "Kurchatov Institute" - VIAM, 2021, 154 p.
17. Sagomonova V.A., Dolgopolov S.S., Sorokin A.E., Tselikin V.V. Evaluation of vibration-absorbing material based on polyurethane using possibility for a seal. Trudy VIAM, 2021, no. 10 (104), paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: May 05, 2023). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-10-28-35.

Full version

11.

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-134-151

UDC: 532.72:539.4:541.68

V.O. Startsev¹, A.A. Nechaev¹

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND ACCELERATED WEATHERING ON THE NANOMODIFIED CFRP’S STRENGTH

The influence of natural weathering on the flexural and compression strength of nanomodified CFRP was studied. The CFRP is composed of twill weave carbon fabric and cyanate ester resin, modified by the addition of 0; 0.5; 3.0 wt. % multilayer carbon nanoparticles of fulleroid type and toroidal shape (astralen). Nanomodified CFRP samples were exposed to a moderate climate within 3 - 24 months of continuous natural exposure. At the same time, samples during the exposure were subjected to thermal cycles, which simulate take-off and subsequent landing of an aircraft. Accelerated lab tests were performed to simulate 12 and 24-month exposure to a moderate climate. The addition of astralen nanoparticles influences significantly on plastification of resin by moisture, stabilizes mechanical properties, and impedes degradation of nanoscale modified CFRP during natural weathering.

Keywords: nanoscale modified CFRP, astralen, cyanate ester resin, weathering, post-cure, destruction, moisture adsorption, plasticization, strength, glass transition temperature

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12.

DOI: 10.18577/2713-0193-2023-0-3-152-166

UDC: 620.172

P.V. Shershak¹, N.O. Yakovlev¹, A.I. Sutubalov¹

STANDARDS FOR TESTING POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Part 1. Tensile properties

The most complete and detailed comparative analysis of interstate (GOST), national (GOST R) and foreign (ISO, ASTM, EN) standards for tensile testing of polymer matrix composite materials are provides. The analysis includes the areas of application of the standards, geometric dimensions of samples, conditions and testing procedures, requirements for processing and interpreting the test results. It is recommended to use the materials given in this work as a reference guide of choosing standards test methods for polymer matrix composite materials.

Keywords: polymer matrix composite material, physical and mechanical tests, tension, sample, standard, GOST, GOST R, ISO, ASTM, EN

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Full version

Aviation materials and technologies

Scientific-technical journal ISSN 2713-0193

ARCHIVE

Aviation materials and technologies №3, 2023

Contents

Heat-resistant alloys and steels

Light-metal alloys

Polymer materials

Composite materials

Material tests

OBTAINING A FINE-GRAINED STRUCTURE OF CASTINGS FROM NICKEL SUPERALLOYS USING A COBALT ALUMINATE MODIFIER

BERYLLIUM-CONTAINING STEELS – PERSPECTIVE MATERIAL WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

REVIEW OF PERSPECTIVE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERALLOYS BASED ON REFRACTORY NON-METALLIC MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES

INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND Ti2AlNb – PROMISING MATERIAL FOR AVIATION AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Part 1. Crystal structure and phase transformations

STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS FROM ADVANCED ALUMINUM-LITHIUM ALLOYS FOR AIRCRAFT PRODUCTS

ADAPTATION OF ELASTIC-VISCOPLASTIC MODEL FOR DESCRIPTION OF RHEOLOGY OF POLYMER COATING MATERIAL DURING INDENTATION

TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SHAPING FIRE-RESISTANT LIGHT LAMINATED MATERIAL FOR HELICOPTER ENGINE HOOD MANUFACTURING

WOVEN METAL-CARBON REINFORCING FILLERS FOR PCM

DESIGN RESEARCH ON A CONSTRUCTURAL MULTILAYER WOVEN PREFORM OF AN INTEGRAL PANEL FRAGMENT FOR AIRCRAFT

VIBRATION DAMPING MATERIAL WITH PERFORATED CONSTRAINING LAYER

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL AND ACCELERATED WEATHERING ON THE NANOMODIFIED CFRP’S STRENGTH

STANDARDS FOR TESTING POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS. Part 1. Tensile properties